Cardio Recovery by Age: Heart Rate Recovery Chart, 20s to 70s

A good one-minute heart rate recovery is roughly 18 beats per minute or more for a recreationally fit adult. Below about 12 bpm is the clinically validated red flag.¹ Higher is better, and the steepest, most telling drop happens in that first 60 seconds.

So if your watch just showed you a 22, that’s a solid recreational number. A 31 is strong. A 9 is worth a conversation with your doctor.

But that 18 bpm benchmark is age-blind, and recovery genuinely isn’t. In a reference study of 9,917 adults, typical one-minute recovery fell from about 44 bpm at age 25 to about 27 bpm at 75 — and the low-normal threshold dropped from 26 bpm to 14 bpm over the same span.² Which means a healthy 72-year-old can land under the famous 18 and be entirely normal for their age. The full chart by age is below, with a separate three-minute table from a smaller study.

And here’s the part nobody tells you when your watch flashes “Cardio Recovery: 22”: your watch’s number is not a clinic’s number. Apple measures a different window than Garmin. Neither runs the maximal treadmill test that produced those classic cutoffs. So a “22” on one wrist and a “22” on another can mean completely different things.

A wearable hands you the number. It can’t tell you whether your 22 is good for you, or what to change when it slips for ten straight days. That gap — between a raw reading and a decision — is what this guide closes, and it’s the gap SensAI was built to read.

What is heart rate recovery, and what number is actually good?

Heart rate recovery (HRR) — also called cardio recovery, cardio recovery rate, or recovery heart rate depending on which watch you own — is how many beats per minute your heart rate falls in a fixed window — usually 60 seconds, sometimes 120 — right after you stop a hard effort. It’s your parasympathetic nervous system reapplying the brakes.

Think of your heart during exercise like a car flooring it up a hill: sympathetic “gas” pinned down, vagal “brake” lifted off. The moment you stop, a fit nervous system slams the brake back on fast. A sluggish one coasts. HRR measures how quickly that brake re-engages.

The faster the drop, the better the autonomic health. Cardiologist Christopher R. Cole and colleagues established the clinical anchor in a landmark 1999 New England Journal of Medicine study: adults whose heart rate fell 12 bpm or less one minute after a treadmill test had four times the all-cause mortality risk of faster recoverers over six years of follow-up — twice the risk after adjusting for other predictors.¹ That ≤12 bpm cutoff is the number every modern recovery metric is descended from.

Here are the population reference bands, not personalized verdicts. Find your number:

Your 1-minute drop	What it generally signals
12 bpm or under	The most-cited clinical cutoff for abnormal — a flag worth a doctor’s attention1
13–17 bpm	Below the 18 bpm mark used in immediate-supine protocols3 — though the top of this band moves inside normal range once you’re past about 702
18–24 bpm	Clears the widely quoted “good” line of 18 bpm or higher — a 22 bpm cardio recovery lands here4
25–30 bpm	Clear of the age-adjusted lower limit of normal from your mid-forties onward; in your twenties that limit is about 26 bpm2
Over 30 bpm	Above the typical value for a healthy adult in their seventies, and clear of every published clinical cutoff2

Three things to hold onto before you read your own number into that table. First, these come from maximal clinical tests, not from a wrist sensor after your Tuesday run. Second, they are population bands, not a verdict on you specifically. Third — and this is the one most charts skip — every threshold in that table was set without adjusting for age. What that costs you is the subject of the next section.

There’s a separate cutoff for the 2-minute window, which matters once we get to Garmin. A 2-minute HRR under 22 bpm is the validated abnormal threshold, established by Shetler, Froelicher and colleagues at Stanford and VA Palo Alto, who reported that a sub-22 bpm two-minute drop carried a hazard ratio of 2.6 for mortality in a cohort of 2,193 men referred for exercise testing.⁵

Between the two windows, the first minute carries more signal. In Jou and Malinovschi’s cohort, a blunted one-minute recovery predicted all-cause mortality more strongly than the two-minute figure (hazard ratio 1.70 vs 1.57) — and it stayed the strongest predictor even among people whose exercise capacity was otherwise normal.² A fast one-minute drop is doing real work that a treadmill time doesn’t capture.

Read these as a map of the territory, not a scorecard. The Cleveland Clinic puts the “good” one-minute mark at 18 bpm or higher and is explicit that the right number swings with age, fitness, and the exact effort you just finished.⁴ Which is exactly why the next question matters.

Heart rate recovery chart by age: what’s a good cardio recovery number for my age?

Median one-minute heart rate recovery falls from about 44 bpm at age 25 to about 27 bpm at age 75 — and the decline accelerates, from roughly 2 bpm per decade in your twenties to nearly 5 bpm per decade in your seventies.²

Those figures come from the largest modern reference-values study of its kind. A Swedish team — Jordi Jou, Andrei Malinovschi and colleagues at Uppsala University — tested 9,917 adults aged 18 to 85 on a cycle ergometer and derived normal values from the 2,242 who were apparently healthy, mean age 49.² Their headline finding: every heart rate index, including one- and two-minute recovery, was age-dependent.

That paper publishes its norms as quantile-regression equations rather than as a numeric by-age table. Solved for a reader with a resting heart rate near 70 and a BMI near 25, they give you the normal heart rate recovery chart by age — cardio recovery values at one and two minutes, ages 20 through 79:

Age	Typical 1-min HRR	Low-normal 1-min	Typical 2-min HRR	Low-normal 2-min
20–29	44 bpm	26 bpm	67 bpm	50 bpm
30–39	42 bpm	26 bpm	65 bpm	49 bpm
40–49	39 bpm	24 bpm	61 bpm	47 bpm
50–59	36 bpm	22 bpm	57 bpm	43 bpm
60–69	32 bpm	18 bpm	52 bpm	37 bpm
70–79	27 bpm	14 bpm	45 bpm	30 bpm

In plain terms: heart rate recovery by age runs about 44 bpm in your 20s, 42 in your 30s, 39 in your 40s, 36 in your 50s, 32 in your 60s and 27 in your 70s over the first minute — and about 67, 65, 61, 57, 52 and 45 bpm respectively over two minutes.²

Two things to read carefully before you use that table. Typical is the 50th percentile — half of healthy people at that age land below it, and that is fine. Low-normal is the 5th percentile, the line below which a result is genuinely unusual for that age. And these are computed values, not numbers lifted off a page: the study reports coefficients, and the table above solves them at one specific resting heart rate and body size.² Shift your resting heart rate 10 bpm and the one-minute columns move about 2 bpm, the two-minute columns about 3 bpm.

The per-decade decline, though, is assumption-free. Resting heart rate and BMI enter those equations additively, so they cancel out of any age-to-age comparison. Typical one-minute recovery drops 2.0 bpm from 25 to 35, 3.3 bpm from 45 to 55, and 4.6 bpm from 65 to 75. Aging doesn’t nibble at your recovery at a constant rate; it accelerates.

Why the famous cutoffs misread older adults

Here’s the part that matters more than the chart. Every threshold you’ve seen quoted comes from one protocol in one population, with no age adjustment: 12 bpm from Cole’s treadmill cohort with a cool-down walk,¹ 18 bpm from Watanabe’s no-cool-down protocol,³ 22 bpm at two minutes from Froelicher’s veterans.⁵ Jou’s team calculated the 5th-percentile thresholds their own data implied and found they correlated only weakly with those established reference values.²

Look at what that does to real people. By the age-adjusted numbers, the low-normal one-minute recovery is 18 bpm at age 65 — and drops to 14 by 75. So a healthy 72-year-old can post a 16 and be flagged “abnormal” by a cutoff built on a cohort averaging 57 years old, while sitting comfortably inside normal range for their actual age. The fixed number isn’t wrong so much as it’s answering a question about a different person.

The same logic cuts the other way. A 28-year-old posting a 20 clears the 18 bpm “good” line and still sits well below the 26 bpm low-normal for their decade. The generic threshold quietly reassures the person who should be paying attention.

A second dataset — and why it disagrees

A separate lab is a useful reality check, and this one is also a caution about precision. Njemanze and colleagues at Newcastle measured maximal-effort recovery in 72 healthy women across three age bands: one-minute recovery of 44 ± 15 bpm at 20–30, 46 ± 15 at 40–50, and 38 ± 10 at 65–81.⁶

The oldest band is the lowest, as you’d expect. But middle age reads slightly higher than young, and their 65–81 figure of 38 bpm sits well above the 32 and 27 bpm the Swedish equations predict for those decades. In their data the age difference reached statistical significance at two and three minutes, not at one.⁶

Take that disagreement seriously rather than papering over it. Different protocols, different recovery postures, 72 women versus 2,242 mixed adults — these are population estimates from small and differing studies, not a percentile you can score yourself against to the beat. The direction is solid. The decimal places are not.

What’s a good 3-minute heart rate recovery by age?

Njemanze’s study is also the only clean source for a three-minute chart by age, since Jou’s team recorded recovery at three and four minutes but only analyzed the one- and two-minute windows.²

Age band	Typical 3-min HRR
20–30	66 ± 7 bpm
40–50	71 ± 10 bpm
65–81	59 ± 16 bpm

Small sample, women only, one center.⁶ Treat it as a rough shape rather than a percentile grid — and note that the three-minute window is far less studied than the one- and two-minute ones, which is why no large reference study publishes it.

Does training beat aging?

Partly — and less completely than the internet tends to claim.

Training does move the number. A systematic review by Hein Daanen and colleagues found that three of five cross-sectional studies reported faster recovery in trained subjects than untrained ones, with two finding no difference, and that the longitudinal studies showed recovery speeding up as training status improved.⁷ The review’s own conclusion is hedged: HRR “has the potential” to track training status, but better standardization is needed.⁷

What training does not do is cancel the age curve. Njemanze’s group set out to test exactly that question, and their title is the finding: age-related decline in cardiac autonomic function is not attenuated with increased physical activity. Among their middle-aged and older women, recovery did not differ significantly between the high-activity and low-activity groups.⁶

So train because it improves your number, not because it will buy you a twenty-year-old’s autonomic nervous system. And find your row, then stop looking at it. Your real comparison isn’t the chart — it’s last month’s you. If you want to understand the engine underneath the number, our VO2 max guide breaks down the aerobic capacity HRR partly reflects. (A 2024 Frontiers in Physiology study found two-minute HRR, combined with weight, body-fat percentage and sex, could estimate VO2max without gas-exchange analysis — though it still required a maximal exercise test.⁸)

Why you can’t check your watch against this chart

The chart above came from a maximal cycle test that ended with the subject moving straight into supine rest.² The other numbers on this page come from their own protocols — Cole’s cohort walked a cool-down, Njemanze’s women recovered seated — which is part of why none of them line up cleanly. Your watch measures after a workout you stopped when you felt like it, usually still standing up. That gap is not a rounding error. Maeder and colleagues put the same healthy subjects through both a cycle and a treadmill protocol and got one-minute recoveries of 32 ± 14 bpm versus 27 ± 10 bpm — about 5 bpm of difference from changing the machine alone, before you touch posture, effort, or sensor.⁹

No age-stratified normative values exist for wearable-derived recovery. Not for Apple’s Cardio Recovery, not for Garmin’s Recovery Heart Rate — neither company publishes one, and no peer-reviewed study has produced one. Anyone handing you a precise “age 42 on an Apple Watch = this exact number” table invented it. Use the chart above to understand how the metric behaves across a lifespan, and use your own history to judge your reading.

Why is my watch’s recovery number different from a clinic’s — and why do Apple and Garmin disagree?

Because your watch isn’t running the same test, on the same sensor, over the same window. Three things separate a wrist reading from a clinic’s, and a fourth explains why Apple and Garmin will never agree.

First, the sensor. Wrist optical sensors (PPG) read blood flow through your skin with green light, and their accuracy swings hard with what you’re doing. A 2025 JMIR Cardio validation study found error climbed above 10% during low-intensity movement but tightened to 1–4% during vigorous effort, because the signal cleans up at higher heart rates.¹⁰ Worth being precise here, since plenty of articles get it backwards: in that study the post-exercise sitting condition was among the most reliable, not the least. The wrist’s problem with HRR isn’t a noisy sensor at rest — it’s everything below.

Second, the effort. Cole’s cutoffs came from a graded treadmill test taken to near-maximum. You almost never stop a real workout at true max — so the wrist number is computed off a different peak entirely.

Third and fourth, the window and the protocol. Each company picks its own. And this is where buyers get burned comparing devices:

Device	Metric name	Window	Published range
Apple Watch	Cardio Recovery	Measured over the 3 minutes after a workout ends; the 1-minute drop is the figure usually quoted11	None — Apple publishes no good/bad range11
Garmin	Recovery Heart Rate	2 minutes after the activity stops12	None — Garmin publishes no good/bad range12
Oura / WHOOP	No discrete post-workout HRR	Emphasize overnight HRV & resting HR	Read the overnight trend instead

Note what’s in that last column. Neither Apple nor Garmin publishes a “good” number for its own metric. Every threshold you’ll find quoted against these devices was borrowed from clinical exercise testing — a different protocol, a different posture, and in Shetler’s case a cohort of 2,193 men referred for chest-pain evaluation.⁵ Borrow them if you like, but know that’s what you’re doing.

Apple’s documentation says the watch measures heart rate continuously during a workout and for three minutes afterward to determine a workout recovery rate.¹¹ Garmin’s Recovery Heart Rate is defined explicitly as “the difference between your exercising heart rate and your heart rate two minutes after the exercise has stopped.”¹²

That two-minute Garmin window is the catch. Your heart keeps falling in the second minute, so a 2-minute number is naturally bigger than a 1-minute number for the same body. Compare a Garmin two-minute figure to an Apple one-minute figure and the Garmin can land tens of beats higher without either wrist being any fitter. Match the windows or don’t compare at all — and if you’re switching devices, treat your history as starting over.

Oura and WHOOP sidestep the whole question — they lean on overnight HRV and resting heart rate rather than surfacing a discrete post-workout HRR the way Apple and Garmin do. Our head-to-head on Apple Watch, Oura, WHOOP and Garmin breaks down what each one actually measures.

This is also why SensAI works off the underlying HealthKit data — heart rate, HRV, resting HR — rather than chasing any one vendor’s proprietary recovery score. The score is an interpretation; the raw streams are the truth. If you’re still choosing hardware, our framework on picking a wearable for an AI coach walks through which devices feed clean data and which keep it walled off.

Why the trend matters more than any single reading

One HRR reading is noise. The trend is the signal.

A hot room, a poor night’s sleep, mild dehydration, a glass of wine the night before, or simply finishing on a brutal interval will all bend a single reading by several beats. Judging your fitness from one HRR number is like judging the stock market from one minute of the ticker — the tick tells you almost nothing; the chart tells you everything.

The confounders are real and measurable. In a study of more than 4,000 Finnish employees, researchers found that even low alcohol intake suppressed cardiovascular recovery during the first hours of sleep by about 9 percentage points on their index, with moderate and high intake cutting it 24 and 39 points — effects that weren’t rescued by being young or fit.¹³ Drink the night before and your morning recovery numbers wobble, full stop.

So watch the drift. A multi-day or multi-week decline in your recovery number at similar effort tracks accumulating fatigue, an oncoming illness, or under-recovery. Stable or gently rising means you’re adapting.

HRR doesn’t move alone, either. It’s one of three parasympathetic windows — alongside overnight HRV and resting heart rate — that tend to move together. Read on their own, each is jumpy. Read together, they tell a coherent recovery story. Our deeper dives on HRV as a fitness and recovery signal and how to raise your HRV baseline cover the other two.

This is the reasoning SensAI automates: it surfaces your recovery picture as a trend against baseline, because a delta — “down four days running” — is actionable in a way that a single morning’s reading never is.

How do you improve a low or stalled heart rate recovery?

Heart rate recovery improves the same way aerobic fitness improves: more easy aerobic volume, more consistency, and adequate recovery — not more hard sessions. The instinct to “fix” a low number by training harder is exactly backwards.

The evidence is modest but real. In the E-MECHANIC trial, 137 sedentary adults with overweight or obesity did supervised aerobic exercise for six months and improved heart rate recovery by 2.7 bpm on average (95% CI 0.1–5.4).¹⁴ Notably, doubling the dose didn’t double the benefit: the moderate-dose and high-dose groups did not differ significantly.¹⁴ More is not the lever people assume it is.

Here’s the playbook:

1. Accumulate Zone 2. Easy aerobic volume is the engine that trains the parasympathetic brake. Most people are short on it. Our Zone 2 cardio guide covers the dose.
2. Don’t bury yourself in intensity. More is not automatically better here — in the one trial that tested dose directly, a high dose of vigorous exercise produced no more recovery improvement than a moderate one.¹⁴ Piling on hard sessions is not the fix for a low HRR.
3. Fix the inputs HRR sits downstream of. Sleep, hydration, alcohol, and stress all move the number before training ever does. Tighten these first; they’re faster wins.
4. Give it weeks to months. Autonomic adaptation is slow, and the effect sizes are small — E-MECHANIC’s six-month supervised programme moved the number under 3 bpm.¹⁴ Judge the trend over four to eight weeks, not four days, and don’t expect a transformation.

One serious note. A persistently abnormal or steadily declining HRR — especially alongside symptoms like chest pain, breathlessness, or dizziness — is associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. A 2017 meta-analysis in the Journal of the American Heart Association found that every 10 bpm drop in HRR was associated with roughly a 9% higher risk of all-cause mortality.¹⁵ That’s a reason to talk to a clinician, not to self-diagnose off a wrist sensor. The watch flags; the doctor decides.

How SensAI reads your recovery number in context

Your watch reports “Cardio Recovery: 22.” It does not know whether 22 is good for you, whether it’s quietly slid for ten days, or what you should change tomorrow. That’s the whole problem.

SensAI closes that loop. It pulls your overnight HRV, resting heart rate, and sleep from Apple HealthKit — directly from an Apple Watch, or via HealthKit from a Garmin, Oura, or WHOOP — and reasons about the full recovery picture against your personal baseline. The LLM coach reads it the way a human coach reads your chart every morning: it flags a downward trend, connects a low recovery morning to last night’s poor sleep, and adjusts the next session accordingly — an interval day becomes easy aerobic work, a heavy lift becomes mobility.

To be clear about what that is and isn’t: it’s large-language-model intelligence applied to your data, not a generic threshold and not a machine-learning black box spitting out a score. No hype, no magic number. Just your physiology, read in context, turned into a decision you can act on.

Frequently asked questions

What is a good cardio recovery number?

A good cardio recovery number is 18 bpm or more in the first minute after hard exercise, and 12 bpm or under is the clinically validated abnormal threshold.¹⁴ But “good” depends on your age: typical one-minute recovery is about 44 bpm at 25, 36 at 55 and 27 at 75 on a clinical cycle test, and the age-adjusted lower limit of normal falls from 26 bpm to 14 bpm across that span.² “Cardio recovery” is Apple’s name for the same one-minute measurement clinicians call heart rate recovery; Garmin calls its two-minute version Recovery Heart Rate.

What is a normal one-minute heart rate recovery?

For a recreationally fit adult, roughly 18 bpm or more one minute after stopping hard exercise is the widely quoted “good” mark.⁴ 12 bpm or under is the clinically validated abnormal threshold and worth raising with a doctor.¹ Age-adjusted, though, “normal” is a moving target: typical recovery runs about 44 bpm at 25 and 27 bpm at 75, with the lower limit of normal falling from 26 bpm to 14 bpm across that span.² Your own trend over time still tells you more than any single reading.

Is 22 bpm a good cardio recovery?

Yes — a 22 bpm one-minute drop clears both the 12 bpm clinical threshold and the widely quoted 18 bpm “good” line.¹⁴ Against age-adjusted norms it reads differently depending on who you are: 22 is the lower limit of normal for someone in their mid-fifties, and comfortably above it past 65, but it sits well below the roughly 44 bpm typical for a healthy 25-year-old on a clinical test.² The more useful question is whether your 22 was a 19 six months ago, or a 26.

Is a 31 bpm cardio recovery good?

It’s a strong number, and how strong depends on your age. A 31 bpm one-minute recovery is far clear of every published clinical cutoff and above the age-adjusted lower limit of normal at any adult age.² For someone in their sixties it’s about the typical value; for someone in their twenties, where typical runs closer to 44 bpm, it’s respectable rather than remarkable.² Either way, watch it for stability — a drift downward from a high baseline is meaningful even while the raw figure still looks good.

What is a good cardio recovery rate by age?

Typical one-minute recovery runs about 44 bpm in your twenties, 39 in your forties, 32 in your sixties, and 27 in your seventies, with the low-normal threshold falling from 26 bpm to 14 bpm across that same span.² Those come from a 9,917-adult cycle-testing reference study, solved at a resting heart rate of 70. The practical takeaway: the decline accelerates with age — about 2 bpm per decade in your twenties versus nearly 5 bpm per decade in your seventies. Training improves the number too, but it does not cancel that curve.⁶

Is 18 bpm still a good heart rate recovery after 65?

Not necessarily — 18 bpm is the low-normal line at age 65, so clearing it barely puts you inside normal range rather than comfortably above it.² By 75 the age-adjusted low-normal drops to about 14 bpm. A 72-year-old at 16 bpm reads “abnormal” against the fixed 18 bpm cutoff while sitting inside the normal band for their actual age. The fixed thresholds come from cohorts that weren’t age-adjusted, which is exactly the limitation the Swedish reference study was built to expose.²

What’s a good 3-minute heart rate recovery by age?

The three-minute window is far less studied than the one- and two-minute ones. The cleanest published age comparison found roughly 66 bpm in healthy women aged 20–30, 71 bpm at 40–50, and 59 bpm at 65–81.⁶ Sample sizes are small and women-only, so read it as a rough shape, not a percentile grid. The large modern reference study recorded three-minute recovery but only analyzed the one- and two-minute windows.²

What’s a normal 2-minute heart rate recovery?

Above 22 bpm. A two-minute drop below 22 bpm is the validated abnormal threshold and carried a 2.6 hazard ratio for mortality in Froelicher’s exercise-testing cohort.⁵ Any two-minute figure reads larger than a one-minute one from the same body, so never judge it against a one-minute cutoff. What that means on a Garmin specifically is covered in our Garmin Recovery Heart Rate guide.

What does Cardio Recovery mean on Apple Watch?

Cardio Recovery is how far your heart rate falls after you end a workout. Apple’s documentation says the watch keeps measuring for three minutes afterwards to determine a workout recovery rate, and the one-minute drop is the figure most people quote.¹¹ Higher is better, and Apple publishes no good/bad range of its own.¹¹ A one-minute figure reads lower than Garmin’s two-minute Recovery Heart Rate, so match the windows before comparing anything.

What’s a good Garmin Recovery Heart Rate number?

Garmin publishes no official good/bad range. The only validated floor for a two-minute window is 22 bpm — but that came from a treadmill study of 2,193 men referred for chest-pain evaluation, not from wrist data, so treat it as a rough sanity check rather than a target.⁵ Most regularly training adults clear it comfortably. Full breakdown — including how it differs from Recovery Time and Body Battery — in our Garmin Recovery Heart Rate guide.

Can my watch’s HRR replace a doctor’s exercise test?

No. Optical wrist sensors lose accuracy during low-intensity movement, and — more importantly — you rarely stop a workout at true maximum effort the way a clinical treadmill test does, so the drop is computed off a different peak entirely.¹⁰ Use your watch’s recovery number to track trends in your own conditioning, not to diagnose anything. A persistently abnormal number is a reason to see a clinician, not a verdict on its own.¹⁵

Does heart rate recovery improve with training?

Yes, though modestly. Six months of supervised aerobic exercise improved heart rate recovery by about 2.7 bpm in sedentary adults with overweight or obesity, and a higher dose was no better than a moderate one.¹⁴ Across the wider literature, three of five studies found trained subjects recovering faster than untrained ones.⁷ Build the aerobic base over weeks and months; don’t expect more hard sessions to accelerate it.

The bottom line

Find your age row, then stop staring at it. Typical one-minute recovery runs 44 bpm in your twenties and 27 in your seventies, and the fixed 18 bpm cutoff everyone quotes was never age-adjusted — it flags healthy older adults and reassures unfit young ones.² Read the trend, not the single reading. Pick one device and one measurement window and stop comparing across them — neither Apple nor Garmin publishes a target number anyway. Build the aerobic base that drives the number up, fix the sleep and alcohol inputs that drag it down, and give it weeks. The most useful version of this metric isn’t the figure on your wrist this morning; it’s that same figure interpreted against months of your own history, which is the difference between data and a decision.

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References

Footnotes

1. Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS. “Heart-Rate Recovery Immediately after Exercise as a Predictor of Mortality.” New England Journal of Medicine, 1999; 341(18): 1351-1357. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199910283411804 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

2. Jou J, Zhou X, Lindow T, Brudin L, Hedman K, Ekström M, Malinovschi A. “Heart rate response and recovery in cycle exercise testing: normal values and association with mortality.” European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2025; 32(1): 32-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39325720/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵ ↩¹⁶ ↩¹⁷ ↩¹⁸ ↩¹⁹ ↩²⁰ ↩²¹ ↩²²

3. Watanabe J, Thamilarasan M, Blackstone EH, Thomas JD, Lauer MS. “Heart rate recovery immediately after treadmill exercise and left ventricular systolic dysfunction as predictors of mortality: the case of stress echocardiography.” Circulation, 2001; 104(16): 1911-1916. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11602493/ ↩ ↩²

4. Cleveland Clinic. “Heart Rate Recovery: What It Is and How to Calculate It.” Cleveland Clinic, last updated 2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23490-heart-rate-recovery ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

5. Shetler K, Marcus R, Froelicher VF, Vora S, Kalisetti D, Prakash M, Do D, Myers J. “Heart rate recovery: validation and methodologic issues.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2001; 38(7): 1980-1987. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11738304/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

6. Njemanze H, Warren C, Eggett C, MacGowan GA, Bates MG, Siervo M, Ivkovic S, Trenell MI, Jakovljevic DG. “Age-related decline in cardiac autonomic function is not attenuated with increased physical activity.” Oncotarget, 2016; 7(47): 76390-76397. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27705949/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

7. Daanen HAM, Lamberts RP, Kallen VL, Jin A, Van Meeteren NLU. “A Systematic Review on Heart-Rate Recovery to Monitor Changes in Training Status in Athletes.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2012; 7(3): 251-260. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22357753/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

8. Miao G, Yan Q, Zhu H, Li F. “Study on heart rate recovery index to predict maximum oxygen uptake in healthy adults aged 30 to 60 years old.” Frontiers in Physiology, 2024; 15: 1437962. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2024.1437962/full ↩

9. Maeder MT, Ammann P, Rickli H, Brunner-La Rocca HP. “Impact of the exercise mode on heart rate recovery after maximal exercise.” European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009; 105(2): 247-255. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18953564/ ↩

10. Schweizer T, Gilgen-Ammann R. “Wrist-Worn and Arm-Worn Wearables for Monitoring Heart Rate During Sedentary and Light-to-Vigorous Physical Activities: Device Validation Study.” JMIR Cardio, 2025; 9: e67110. https://cardio.jmir.org/2025/1/e67110/ ↩ ↩²

11. Apple Inc. “Monitor your heart rate with Apple Watch.” Apple Support, 2024. https://support.apple.com/en-us/120277 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

12. Garmin Ltd. “Recovery Heart Rate Feature on Garmin Watches.” Garmin Customer Support. https://support.garmin.com/en-US/?faq=3HTTUrSoRF51m8vGUtMhY9 ↩ ↩² ↩³

13. Pietilä J, Helander E, Korhonen I, Myllymäki T, Kujala UM, Lindholm H. “Acute Effect of Alcohol Intake on Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation During the First Hours of Sleep in a Large Real-World Sample of Finnish Employees: Observational Study.” JMIR Mental Health, 2018; 5(1): e23. https://mental.jmir.org/2018/1/e23/ ↩

14. Höchsmann C, Dorling JL, Apolzan JW, Johannsen NM, Hsia DS, Church TS, Martin CK. “Effect of different doses of supervised aerobic exercise on heart rate recovery in inactive adults who are overweight or obese: results from E-MECHANIC.” European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019; 119(9): 2095-2103. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31367909/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

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