Neck Pain Exercises: Strength Training Beats Stretching, and Two Minutes a Day Is Enough

The neck exercises almost everyone is given are stretches. The neck exercises with the best evidence behind them are not stretches at all — they’re resistance training for the neck, shoulders and upper back.

That gap between what gets prescribed and what gets results is the whole story here.

A Cochrane review of 27 randomised trials put it about as bluntly as Cochrane ever does: strengthening the cervico-scapulothoracic region produced moderate-to-large pain reductions, and “when only stretching exercises were used no beneficial effects may be expected.”¹

Here’s the part that makes it usable. The effective dose is not an hour of rehab. In a randomised trial of 198 office workers with frequent neck and shoulder pain, two minutes a day of progressive resistance training with elastic tubing, five days a week for ten weeks, produced clinically relevant reductions in pain and muscle tenderness.²

Two minutes. The group doing twelve minutes a day did only slightly better.

This article explains what to do, how much, and — the part most guides skip — why the honest evidence says the thing that actually decides your outcome is not which exercise you pick. It’s whether you keep doing it.

Is “text neck” real? What the global data actually says

You have probably seen the number: tilting your head forward loads the cervical spine with up to 60 pounds of force. That figure comes from a 2014 computer-model paper by New York spine surgeon Kenneth Hansraj, and it is a modelling estimate of static load — not a measurement of injury risk in living people.³

It got repeated into folklore anyway. So it’s worth checking the folklore against the epidemiology.

The Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 produced the most comprehensive picture we have: neck pain affected 203 million people worldwide in 2020, and the burden is projected to reach 269 million cases by 2050 — a 32.5% rise.⁴

Now the part that should reframe the smartphone panic. Across the entire three decades from 1990 to 2020 — which is to say, across the invention and global saturation of the smartphone — the age-standardised prevalence rate of neck pain stayed flat, changing by 0.2%.⁴ The projected rise to 2050 is driven primarily by population growth, then by population ageing. Not by posture.

If phones were manufacturing a neck pain epidemic, the age-standardised curve would have bent. It didn’t.

That doesn’t mean neck pain is rare or trivial. Steven P. Cohen, a pain physician at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, summarised the clinical picture in Mayo Clinic Proceedings: neck pain is the fourth leading cause of disability, with an annual prevalence above 30%, and while most acute episodes settle, close to half of people go on to have some ongoing pain or frequent recurrences.⁵

So: extremely common, frequently recurrent, and not explained by how you hold your phone. Which raises the obvious next question.

Does bad posture cause neck pain?

Less than you have been told, and the size of the effect is worth seeing in numbers.

A systematic review and meta-analysis led by Noha F. Mahmoud at Cairo University’s Faculty of Physical Therapy pooled 15 cross-sectional studies on forward head posture — the classic “your head is too far forward” fault. Adults with neck pain did show more forward head posture than pain-free adults. The mean difference was 4.84 degrees.⁶

Just under five degrees. That’s a real, statistically significant difference, and it is nowhere near the magnitude implied by the posture-correction industry built on top of it.

And in adolescents — the group supposedly being deformed by screens — the analysis found no difference at all (mean difference −1.05 degrees, confidence interval crossing zero).⁶

Age turned out to be a confounder in the relationship. Posture and pain travel together in adults, more strongly in older adults, and the cross-sectional design means we can’t say which came first. Pain changes how people hold themselves, too.

The practical read: posture is a weak signal, not a root cause. Chasing millimetres of head position is a poor use of your attention. Building capacity in the tissue that holds your head up is a much better one. If you want the fuller argument on this, our guide to fixing rounded shoulders covers where postural work does and doesn’t earn its place.

What actually works: strengthening versus stretching

Three independent lines of evidence converge here, which is rarer than it sounds.

The Cochrane review. Anita Gross and the Cervical Overview Group at McMaster University analysed 27 trials covering 2,485 participants. For chronic neck pain, moderate-quality evidence supported cervico-scapulothoracic and upper-extremity strength training, with a pooled standardised mean difference of −0.71 on pain immediately post-treatment — a moderate-to-large effect. Combined cervical, shoulder and scapulothoracic strengthening plus stretching improved pain (SMD −0.33) and function (SMD −0.45), with pain benefits holding out to long-term follow-up.¹

Stretching alone, general fitness training alone, and breathing exercises all landed in the low-evidence bucket as things that may not change pain or function.¹

The landmark trial. Jari Ylinen and colleagues at Jyväskylä Central Hospital in Finland randomised 180 female office workers with chronic non-specific neck pain to twelve months of high-intensity isometric neck strengthening, lighter dynamic endurance training, or a control group — and published it in JAMA. Both training groups beat control on pain and disability (P<.001). Maximal isometric neck strength rose 110% in flexion, 76% in rotation and 69% in extension in the strength group, versus 28%, 29% and 16% in the endurance group.⁷

Their conclusion named the thing directly: stretching and aerobic exercise alone “proved to be a much less effective form of training than strength training.”⁷

The current evidence. A 2025 multilevel network meta-analysis in The Spine Journal ranked exercise modalities against passive therapies for non-specific neck pain. The top-ranked intervention was resistance training combined with coordination training (Hedges’ g = −0.76, SUCRA 0.87), followed by aerobic combined with resistance training. Manual therapy and laser therapy showed real but more moderate benefits.⁸

Note what ranked first: resistance plus coordination. Not either one alone. That distinction matters in a moment.

Approach	Evidence strength	Effect on pain
Cervico-scapulothoracic strength training	Moderate quality1	SMD −0.71 (moderate to large)
Resistance + coordination training	Ranked first of all modalities8	g = −0.76
Combined strengthening + stretching	Moderate quality1	SMD −0.33 pain, −0.45 function
Manual therapy	Moderate8	g = −0.64
Stretching alone	Low quality1	No benefit expected
General fitness training alone	Low quality1	No benefit expected

Stretching isn’t harmful, and it feels good, which is why it survives. It just isn’t the active ingredient.

The neck pain exercises worth your time

The trials that worked share a shape: they loaded the shoulder girdle and upper back, not just the neck, and they progressed the load over time. Elastic tubing or bands featured in several, which means none of this requires a gym.

Exercise	What it trains	Starting dose
Band lateral raise / shoulder abduction	Upper trapezius, deltoid	2 sets × 10–15
Band row (elbows tight to ribs)	Rhomboids, mid-trapezius	2 sets × 10–15
Band external rotation	Rotator cuff, scapular control	2 sets × 10–15
Shrug with load	Upper trapezius	2 sets × 10–15
Isometric neck press (hand resists head, all four directions)	Neck flexors and extensors	5 × 5–10 sec each direction
Craniocervical flexion (“chin nod”, lying)	Deep cervical flexors, coordination	10 × 10-sec holds

Progression is the part people drop. “Progressive” in progressive resistance training means the band gets heavier, or the reps get harder, every week or two. A band you’ve used at the same tension for three months has stopped being training and started being a ritual.

Start at a load where the last two reps are genuinely difficult but your form holds and your symptoms don’t spike during or the next morning. Then make it harder. The same principle applies whether you’re rehabbing a neck or building bigger shoulders — the tissue adapts to a demand it hasn’t already met.

If bands are your only equipment, our resistance band training guide covers how to load and progress them properly.

How much is enough? The two-minute finding

This is the most useful number in the entire literature, and it comes from Lars L. Andersen’s group at the National Research Centre for the Working Environment in Copenhagen.

They randomised 198 adults working at least 30 hours a week, all with frequent neck and shoulder pain, into three groups: elastic-tubing resistance training for 2 minutes a day, the same training for 12 minutes a day, or weekly general health information as the control. Five days a week, ten weeks.²

Results against control:

Group	Pain reduction (0–10 scale)	Tenderness reduction (0–32 scale)
2 minutes/day	−1.4 points (95% CI −2.0 to −0.7)	−4.2 points (95% CI −5.7 to −2.7)
12 minutes/day	−1.9 points (95% CI −2.5 to −1.2)	−4.4 points (95% CI −5.9 to −2.9)

Six times the training volume bought roughly half a point more pain relief and essentially no extra reduction in tenderness. Both groups gained measurable isometric strength.²

The authors’ conclusion was that as little as two minutes of daily progressive resistance training produces clinically relevant reductions in pain and tenderness in adults with frequent neck and shoulder symptoms.²

For a weekly target, the 2025 dose-response analysis found a non-linear inverse relationship between exercise dose and neck pain, identifying roughly 420 MET-minutes per week as the point of optimal effect and around 210 MET-minutes per week as enough to reach a minimal clinically important difference.⁸ In practical terms, 210 MET-minutes is in the region of an hour of moderate activity spread across a week — a floor most people can clear.

The honest framing: the minimum effective dose here is unusually low, and the ceiling is reached unusually fast. This is not a condition that rewards heroics.

Do chin tucks actually work?

Partly — and knowing which part is what makes them useful rather than magic.

Chin tucks are the everyday name for craniocervical flexion, the exercise designed to recruit the deep cervical flexors that sit under the more superficial neck muscles. A systematic review of twelve randomised trials by Johan Blomgren and colleagues at Luleå University of Technology, with Gwendolen Jull — Emeritus Professor of Physiotherapy at the University of Queensland and one of the researchers who developed the craniocervical flexion test — as co-author, examined what this training actually changes.⁹

The finding was specific. Deep cervical flexor training produced strong evidence of improvement in neuromuscular coordination, and it improved head and cervical posture. But it had no or only small effects on strength and endurance at higher loads.⁹

So chin tucks retrain how the deep neck muscles switch on. They do not build a stronger neck. That is exactly why the 2025 network meta-analysis found resistance combined with coordination training at the top of the rankings rather than either alone.⁸

Do both. Chin nods for coordination, loaded work for capacity. Treating chin tucks as the whole programme is the most common way a well-intentioned neck routine quietly fails.

Why home programmes underperform their trials

Here is the result that most articles on this topic leave out, and it is the one that should change how you plan.

Arja Häkkinen and colleagues — the same Finnish research group behind the JAMA trial — ran a twelve-month randomised study comparing home-based strength training plus stretching against stretching alone in 101 patients with chronic neck pain. Both groups improved substantially and significantly on pain and disability. Neither beat the other.¹⁰

Why would strength training lose its advantage here when it won so clearly in the supervised trial? The paper reports the answer in its own results. Adherence decayed from a target of three sessions per week to 1.1 sessions per week in the strength-and-stretching group and 1.4 in the stretching group.¹⁰

The strength programme didn’t fail. It was barely performed.

That is the real variable. The literature is not ambiguous about which exercises work best — it is ambiguous about whether people will do them, and the effect of an exercise you skip is zero regardless of its standardised mean difference.

This is the gap SensAI was built around. Not inventing a better chin tuck, but making the programme adapt to the week you’re actually having — so the two minutes that matter get done on the days when a thirty-minute session was never going to happen. A plan you follow at a moderate dose beats an optimal plan you abandon in week five.

Neck exercises and headaches

A secondary analysis of that same Danish trial tracked headache as an outcome, and the result is a genuine bonus.

Among the office workers with frequent neck and shoulder pain, headache frequency fell by 0.64 days per week in the 2-minute group and 0.79 days per week in the 12-minute group compared with control — a 43% and 56% reduction from baseline respectively.¹¹

The remaining headaches were not less intense or shorter. There were simply fewer of them.¹¹

The Cochrane review reached a compatible conclusion by a different route: for chronic cervicogenic headache, moderate-quality evidence supported static-dynamic cervico-scapulothoracic strengthening and endurance exercises, with probable improvements in pain, function and global perceived effect out to long-term follow-up.¹

If your headaches track with your neck, the neck programme is a reasonable place to start.

Can you prevent neck pain if you don’t have it yet?

Yes, and this is one of the cleaner prevention results in musculoskeletal medicine.

Rattaporn Sihawong and colleagues at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok ran a twelve-month cluster-randomised trial in 567 healthy office workers recruited from twelve large enterprises, all screened as having lower-than-normal neck flexion movement or neck flexor endurance. The intervention was daily stretching plus muscle endurance training twice a week.¹²

Over twelve months, 12.1% of the intervention group developed neck pain versus 26.7% of the control group — a hazard ratio of 0.45 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.71) after adjusting for biopsychosocial factors.¹²

Roughly halved incidence, from a modest programme, in people who didn’t have the problem yet.

One caveat the authors were careful about: among those who did develop neck pain, there was no difference between groups in pain intensity, disability or quality of life.¹² The programme changed who got neck pain, not how bad it was once it arrived.

What about yoga, ergonomics, and everything else?

Yoga has better evidence than its reputation among sceptics suggests. Holger Cramer’s meta-analysis of three randomised trials in 188 patients with chronic non-specific neck pain found short-term effects on pain intensity (SMD −1.28), disability (SMD −0.97), quality of life and mood, with no serious adverse events in the studies reporting safety data.¹³ Three trials is a thin base and the effects were short-term, but the direction is consistent — and yoga is, functionally, loaded movement plus coordination work. If you want the comparison, we’ve covered pilates versus yoga in detail.

Workstation ergonomics is weaker than the office-supply catalogue implies. A systematic review of 27 studies by Gerry Keown and Peter Tuchin at Macquarie University found neck pain was not significantly associated with high job demands, low skill discretion, low decision authority or low peer support on their own. Those factors only reached significance when combined with increased duration of computing tasks or ergonomic demands — and supervisor support was the one buffer that prevented them reaching significance in female office workers.¹⁴

Duration of work, not the geometry of your chair, is doing more of the causal lifting. Getting up is the intervention.

Guidelines across Europe are consistent and modest about all of it. A systematic review of 17 clinical practice guidelines from eight European countries, led by Nadia Corp at Keele University, found that for neck pain the consistent recommendations are weak-to-moderate: reassurance, advice and education, manual therapy, referral for exercise therapy, oral analgesics and topical medications, plus psychological or multidisciplinary treatment for specific subgroups.¹⁵ Notably, recommendations for neck pain were generally weaker than the equivalents for low back pain.¹⁵

Nobody has a strong recommendation here. Exercise is simply the option with the best benefit-to-risk ratio.

When to stop self-treating and see a clinician

Red flags for neck pain are less standardised than you would hope, and it’s better to know that than to trust a confident-looking checklist.

A 2024 systematic review of clinical practice guidelines by Daniel Feller and colleagues, spanning Erasmus MC in Rotterdam and Sapienza University of Rome, examined 29 guidelines. Twelve of them listed a combined 114 different red flags for fracture, cancer, spinal infection, myelopathy, artery dissection and other serious pathology. Agreement between guidelines was close to nonexistent — a median Fleiss’ kappa of 0.¹⁶

Their conclusion was that red flags are mainly supported by expert opinion rather than evidence, and that specific recommendations cannot currently be made — with one exception: the Canadian C-Spine Rule for screening fractures after trauma.¹⁶

So treat the following as a prompt to get assessed, not as a validated diagnostic instrument:

• Neck pain following significant trauma, a fall, or a collision
• Progressive weakness, numbness or clumsiness in the arms or hands
• Problems with balance, walking, or fine motor tasks like buttoning a shirt
• Bowel or bladder changes alongside neck symptoms
• Unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, or a history of cancer
• Sudden severe neck pain with headache, visual changes, or dizziness
• Pain that is unrelenting at night and unrelieved by any position change

One more thing worth knowing before you request a scan. As Cohen notes, MRI of the cervical spine shows a high prevalence of abnormal findings in people with no symptoms at all — which is why imaging is reserved for focal neurological symptoms, pain refractory to conventional treatment, or planning an intervention.⁵ A bulging disc on a scan is often a photograph of being a normal adult, not an explanation of your pain.

The American Physical Therapy Association’s Orthopaedic Section clinical practice guideline, Neck Pain: Revision 2017, remains the standard reference clinicians classify and treat against.¹⁷ A physiotherapist working from it will do more for you than another hour of reading.

How SensAI fits into this

SensAI is an AI coaching app, not a medical or rehabilitation service. It doesn’t diagnose neck pain and it can’t replace a clinician’s assessment.

What it can do is address the failure mode the Häkkinen trial exposed. Users can record a neck or shoulder constraint in conversation, and SensAI holds that context when it generates the next week’s training — keeping loaded pulling and scapular work in the plan rather than programming around them by dropping them.

It also reads recovery context from connected wearables through Apple Health, so a week where sleep and HRV trends have degraded produces a lighter session rather than a session you skip entirely. Two minutes done on a bad day is worth more than twenty minutes scheduled and missed. Raw HealthKit data stays on-device.

The neck work itself is unglamorous and small. Getting it done 45 weeks out of 52 is the entire game — which is also true of lower back pain and rotator cuff work, where the same adherence problem decides the same outcomes.

Frequently asked questions

What are the best exercises for neck pain?

Resistance training for the neck, shoulders and upper back — band rows, lateral raises, external rotations, shrugs and isometric neck presses — combined with craniocervical flexion (“chin nods”) for coordination. A 2025 network meta-analysis ranked resistance plus coordination training as the single most effective approach for non-specific neck pain.⁸

How long does it take for neck exercises to work?

The core trials ran ten weeks to twelve months. The two-minute-a-day resistance training trial measured clinically relevant reductions in pain and tenderness at ten weeks.² Expect meaningful change on a scale of weeks, not days.

Should I stretch my neck if it hurts?

Stretching is safe and often feels good, but the Cochrane review found that when stretching was used alone, no beneficial effect on pain or function should be expected.¹ Use it as an add-on to strengthening, not as a substitute.

How many minutes a day do I need?

Two minutes of progressive resistance training, five days a week, produced clinically relevant pain reduction in a randomised trial of 198 adults — and twelve minutes a day was only slightly better.²

Do chin tucks fix neck pain?

They improve deep neck muscle coordination and head posture, with strong evidence behind that specific effect, but they produce no or only small improvements in strength and endurance at higher loads.⁹ They work best paired with loaded resistance work, not as a standalone programme.

Is “text neck” a real condition?

The widely quoted “60 pounds of force” figure comes from a computer model of static cervical load, not a study of injury in people.³ The global age-standardised prevalence of neck pain changed by 0.2% between 1990 and 2020 — flat across the entire smartphone era.⁴

Does bad posture cause neck pain?

Adults with neck pain average about 4.84 degrees more forward head posture than pain-free adults, and in adolescents no significant difference exists at all.⁶ Posture is weakly associated with neck pain in adults, and the studies are cross-sectional, so causal direction is unknown.

Can neck exercises help my headaches?

In a randomised trial, two minutes a day of resistance training reduced headache frequency by 43% among office workers with neck and shoulder pain, and twelve minutes a day by 56% — though the remaining headaches were no less intense or shorter.¹¹

Can I prevent neck pain before it starts?

A twelve-month cluster-randomised trial in 567 office workers found daily stretching plus twice-weekly endurance training halved incident neck pain: 12.1% versus 26.7% in controls, hazard ratio 0.45.¹²

When should I see a doctor about neck pain?

After trauma, or with progressive arm weakness or numbness, balance or gait changes, bowel or bladder changes, unexplained weight loss or fever, or sudden severe pain with headache or visual changes. Be aware that red flag lists vary enormously between guidelines — a 2024 review found near-zero agreement across 29 of them.¹⁶

The bottom line

Load the neck, shoulders and upper back. Progress the load. Add chin nods for coordination. Skip the idea that stretching alone is treatment, and skip the idea that your head position is the culprit.

The dose that works is small — two minutes a day of progressive resistance training moved pain and tenderness measurably in ten weeks, and six times that volume added very little.² The dose that fails is the one that stops. In the twelve-month home-based trial, adherence collapsed to roughly one session a week, and the strength programme’s advantage collapsed with it.¹⁰

Which means the practical question isn’t “which neck exercise is best.” It’s “what will I still be doing in March.” Pick the version of this you can run on your worst week, and let the good weeks be the bonus.

If your pain follows trauma, comes with neurological symptoms, or simply isn’t shifting, get assessed by a licensed clinician. Nothing above is a diagnosis.

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References

Footnotes

1. Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, Blanchette S, Lalonde P, Christie T, Dupont G, Graham N, Burnie SJ, Gelley G, Goldsmith CH, Forget M, Hoving JL, Brønfort G, Santaguida PL, Cervical Overview Group. “Exercises for mechanical neck disorders.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015;1(1):CD004250. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25629215/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

2. Andersen LL, Saervoll CA, Mortensen OS, Poulsen OM, Hannerz H, Zebis MK. “Effectiveness of small daily amounts of progressive resistance training for frequent neck/shoulder pain: randomised controlled trial.” Pain, 2011;152(2):440-446. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21177034/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

3. Hansraj KK. “Assessment of stresses in the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head.” Surgical Technology International, 2014;25:277-279. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25393825/ ↩ ↩²

4. GBD 2021 Neck Pain Collaborators. “Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.” The Lancet Rheumatology, 2024;6(3):e142-e155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38383088/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

5. Cohen SP. “Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2015;90(2):284-299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25659245/ ↩ ↩²

6. Mahmoud NF, Hassan KA, Abdelmajeed SF, Moustafa IM, Silva AG. “The relationship between forward head posture and neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 2019;12(4):562-577. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31773477/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

7. Ylinen J, Takala EP, Nykänen M, Häkkinen A, Mälkiä E, Pohjolainen T, Karppi SL, Kautiainen H, Airaksinen O. “Active neck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain in women: a randomized controlled trial.” JAMA, 2003;289(19):2509-2516. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12759322/ ↩ ↩²

8. Xie J, Jin M, Guo J, Guo H, Cai X, Wang B. “Comparative efficacy of exercise versus passive physical therapy in improving nonspecific neck pain: a multilevel network meta-analysis and dose-response analysis.” The Spine Journal, 2025;25(11):2357-2368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40639619/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

9. Blomgren J, Strandell E, Jull G, Vikman I, Röijezon U. “Effects of deep cervical flexor training on impaired physiological functions associated with chronic neck pain: a systematic review.” BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2018;19(1):415. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30486819/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

10. Häkkinen A, Kautiainen H, Hannonen P, Ylinen J. “Strength training and stretching versus stretching only in the treatment of patients with chronic neck pain: a randomized one-year follow-up study.” Clinical Rehabilitation, 2008;22(7):592-600. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18586810/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

11. Andersen LL, Mortensen OS, Zebis MK, Jensen RH, Poulsen OM. “Effect of brief daily exercise on headache among adults — secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 2011;37(6):547-550. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21617837/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

12. Sihawong R, Janwantanakul P, Jiamjarasrangsi W. “Effects of an exercise programme on preventing neck pain among office workers: a 12-month cluster-randomised controlled trial.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2014;71(1):63-70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24142988/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

13. Cramer H, Klose P, Brinkhaus B, Michalsen A, Dobos G. “Effects of yoga on chronic neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Clinical Rehabilitation, 2017;31(11):1457-1465. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29050510/ ↩

14. Keown GA, Tuchin PA. “Workplace factors associated with neck pain experienced by computer users: a systematic review.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2018;41(6):508-529. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30025880/ ↩

15. Corp N, Mansell G, Stynes S, Wynne-Jones G, Morsø L, Hill JC, van der Windt DA. “Evidence-based treatment recommendations for neck and low back pain across Europe: a systematic review of guidelines.” European Journal of Pain, 2021;25(2):275-295. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33064878/ ↩ ↩²

16. Feller D, Chiarotto A, Koes B, Maselli F, Mourad F. “Red flags for potential serious pathologies in people with neck pain: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines.” Archives of Physiotherapy, 2024;14:105-115. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39639931/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

17. Blanpied PR, Gross AR, Elliott JM, Devaney LL, Clewley D, Walton DM, Sparks C, Robertson EK. “Neck pain: revision 2017.” Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2017;47(7):A1-A83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28666405/ ↩