Healthy Body Fat Percentage Chart for Men and Women by Age

A healthy body fat percentage is about 8-20% for men and 21-33% for women aged 20-39, 11-22% and 23-34% at 40-59, and 13-25% and 24-36% at 60-79.¹ So across ages 20-79 the healthy bands span about 8-25% for men and 21-36% for women, and the band that applies to you depends on your age. That’s the short answer. But if you were hoping for a single “ideal” number to chase, here’s the twist: one doesn’t exist, and the experts who study this for a living don’t agree on where the lines should be.

Ask three authorities and you’ll get three different charts.

Percent body fat is simply the share of your total weight that’s fat tissue rather than muscle, bone, organs, and water. It’s a better health signal than the scale — two people at the same weight can carry wildly different amounts of fat. The problem is defining “healthy,” because that word means different things depending on who drew the chart and why.

Body Fat Percentage Chart for Men and Women by Age

A healthy body fat percentage for men is about 8-20% at ages 20-39, 11-22% at 40-59 and 13-25% at 60-79. For women it is about 21-33%, 23-34% and 24-36% for the same ages.¹ Those numbers come from a widely used health-based reference, and the chart below puts them next to the fitness categories most gyms use.

But there is no single official cutoff — and the disagreement is instructive.

Dr. Dympna Gallagher, Professor of Nutritional Medicine and Director of the Human Body Composition Laboratories at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, led the study that produced the most widely used health-based ranges. Her team took a different approach from the fitness industry: instead of asking “what body fat level makes an athlete perform,” they asked “what body fat level lines up with a healthy body mass index.” They measured more than 1,600 adults across three ethnic groups and mapped percent body fat onto the BMI cutoffs already tied to health and mortality data.¹

The American Council on Exercise (ACE) publishes a different, performance-flavored chart: essential, athlete, fitness, acceptable, obese.² The American College of Sports Medicine publishes its own body-composition norms in its exercise-testing guidelines.³ None of them is “wrong.” They’re just answering different questions — a fitness-performance frame versus a health-and-mortality frame.

Here’s Gallagher’s health-based range next to ACE’s fitness framing:

Age	Men — healthy range	Women — healthy range
20-39	8-20%	21-33%
40-59	11-22%	23-34%
60-79	13-25%	24-36%

Source: Gallagher et al., values for African American and white adults; each range runs from the body fat that matches a BMI of 18.5 to the body fat that matches a BMI of 25.¹ The same paper predicts higher body fat at the same BMI for Asian adults, with healthy bands of about 13-24% for men and 25-36% for women across these ages.¹

ACE category (any age)	Men	Women
Essential fat	2-5%	10-13%
Athletes	6-13%	14-20%
Fitness	14-17%	21-24%
Acceptable	18-24%	25-31%
Obesity	>25%	>32%

Source: American Council on Exercise, Percent Body Fat Norms for Men and Women.² ACE lists acceptable up to 24% for men and 31% for women and obesity as “>25%” and “>32%”; this guide treats 25% and 32% as the start of the obesity band.

For men, the ACE athlete band overlaps Gallagher’s age-based ranges but extends below their lower bound. For women, ACE’s 14-20% athlete band sits entirely below Gallagher’s 21% floor. That’s not a contradiction: the charts use different frames, and an athletic category is not the same thing as a clinical target.

The one-line takeaway: body-fat references are age- and sex-specific ranges, not one ideal number. SensAI combines aggregated HealthKit recovery metrics and workout performance with an LLM-generated program; it does not assign a clinical body-fat target, and raw HealthKit data stays on-device (how SensAI reads Apple Health).

What Does Your Body Fat Percentage Mean? A Lookup by Number

To read your number, find it in the table for your sex, then check the column for your age. “Within” means inside the healthy range from Gallagher’s health-based reference for that age.¹ The last column gives ACE’s fitness category for the same number.² The two frames often disagree, and that’s expected: one is tied to health, the other to fitness.

Body fat percentage for men

Body fat	Age 20-39 (healthy 8-20%)	Age 40-59 (healthy 11-22%)	Age 60-79 (healthy 13-25%)	ACE category
10%	Within	Below range	Below range	Athletes (6-13%)
12%	Within	Within	Below range	Athletes (6-13%)
15%	Within	Within	Within	Fitness (14-17%)
17%	Within	Within	Within	Fitness (14-17%)
19%	Within	Within	Within	Acceptable (18-24%)
20%	At upper limit	Within	Within	Acceptable (18-24%)
21%	Above range	Within	Within	Acceptable (18-24%)
22%	Above range	At upper limit	Within	Acceptable (18-24%)
23%	Above range	Above range	Within	Acceptable (18-24%)
25%	Above range	Above range	At upper limit	Obesity (25%+)
28%	Above range	Above range	Above range	Obesity (25%+)
30%	Above range	Above range	Above range	Obesity (25%+)

Sources: healthy ranges by age from Gallagher et al.¹; categories from the American Council on Exercise.²

So is 20% body fat good for a man? At 40 or older it sits inside the healthy range, and for a man aged 20-39 it is at the upper limit. ACE calls it acceptable at any age. At 15% a man is inside the healthy range at every age from 20 to 79 and in ACE’s fitness band.

Body fat percentage for women

Body fat	Age 20-39 (healthy 21-33%)	Age 40-59 (healthy 23-34%)	Age 60-79 (healthy 24-36%)	ACE category
18%	Below range	Below range	Below range	Athletes (14-20%)
20%	Below range	Below range	Below range	Athletes (14-20%)
21%	At lower limit	Below range	Below range	Fitness (21-24%)
22%	Within	Below range	Below range	Fitness (21-24%)
23%	Within	At lower limit	Below range	Fitness (21-24%)
25%	Within	Within	Within	Acceptable (25-31%)
28%	Within	Within	Within	Acceptable (25-31%)
30%	Within	Within	Within	Acceptable (25-31%)
32%	Within	Within	Within	Obesity (32%+)
33%	At upper limit	Within	Within	Obesity (32%+)
35%	Above range	Above range	Within	Obesity (32%+)
36%	Above range	Above range	At upper limit	Obesity (32%+)
40%	Above range	Above range	Above range	Obesity (32%+)

Sources: healthy ranges by age from Gallagher et al.¹; categories from the American Council on Exercise.²

So is 25% body fat good for a woman? Yes, by both frames: it is inside the healthy range at every age from 20 to 79, and ACE calls it acceptable. The frames split at 32-36%. ACE labels those numbers obesity, while Gallagher’s ranges still count them as healthy at some ages. At 36%, for example, a woman is at the upper limit of the healthy range at 60-79 and above it at 20-59. Below 21%, a woman sits under Gallagher’s range at every age even though ACE calls 14-20% athletic.

“Below range” lines up with an underweight body mass index in Gallagher’s method, and “above range” with an overweight or higher one.¹ Neither is a diagnosis. Each one tells you which band an estimate falls in, and your real number can sit a few points away from the estimate (see the measurement section below).

Essential vs. Healthy vs. Athletic: What the Ranges Actually Mean

Essential fat is ACE’s lowest category (2-5% for men, 10-13% for women); healthy is Gallagher’s age-based health range (about 8-25% for men, 21-36% for women); athletic is ACE’s 6-13% for men and 14-20% for women.¹² ACE’s categories are descriptive fitness categories, not validated clinical thresholds for health, sustainability, or risk.

Think of the ranges as a ladder, not a single rung:

• Essential fat — Men ~2-5%, Women ~10-13%. ACE’s lowest descriptive category.²
• Athletic — Men ~6-13%, Women ~14-20%. ACE’s athlete category.²
• Fitness — Men ~14-17%, Women ~21-24%. ACE’s fitness category.²
• Acceptable — Men ~18-24%, Women ~25-31%. ACE’s acceptable category.²
• Obesity category — Men >25%, Women >32%. ACE’s category label, not a clinical risk cutoff.²

Heo and colleagues used national survey data to propose body-fat cutoffs corresponding to BMI categories. Depending on age and race or ethnicity, the body-fat values corresponding to the overweight BMI category were roughly 23-28% for men and 35-40% for women.⁴ That is an estimated mapping between two measures, not proof of an individual’s health or a direct clinical risk threshold.

But the danger isn’t only at the top of the ladder. Chasing the athletic floor can carry real risk. Push energy intake too low relative to training, and you can develop Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) — a state of low energy availability that can disrupt menstrual function, bone health, metabolism, and immunity.⁵ RED-S is driven by low energy availability, not by crossing a particular body-fat threshold. If menstruation changes, recovery deteriorates, or other symptoms appear while dieting or training, stop pushing the deficit and seek qualified medical or sports-dietetic advice.

If your goal is trimming fat from the high end, the honest levers are unglamorous — a modest calorie deficit and more daily movement, not a magic macro. Our guides on how to lose belly fat and walking for weight loss cover the boring stuff that actually works.

Why Healthy Body Fat Rises With Age

Why can 20% sit at the upper end for a 30-year-old man while 25% can sit at the upper end at 65? Because the denominator changes.

Your body fat percentage is fat divided by everything else — and “everything else” is mostly muscle. As you age, you quietly lose lean tissue through a process called sarcopenia. A quantitative review of aging muscle found that muscle mass stays fairly constant through much of adult life, then declines by roughly 0.5-1% per year after about age 70.⁶ Lose muscle while your weight holds steady, and your body fat percentage climbs — even if you never gained a gram of fat.

So the reference charts build that in. The healthy band shifts up with each decade because the body composition of a healthy 60-year-old genuinely differs from a healthy 30-year-old.¹

Here’s what this means for you. A body-fat value from your 20s is not automatically an appropriate target decades later; the population reference ranges themselves change with age.¹ Lean mass is also part of the percentage, so preserving muscle deserves attention alongside any fat-loss goal.

The fix isn’t a stricter diet. It’s defending your muscle. Resistance training is the most reliable tool for that: a meta-analysis of aging adults found that structured resistance exercise added about 1.1 kilograms of lean body mass over roughly 20 weeks of training.⁷ Lifting doesn’t just build muscle — it slows the denominator’s decline, which keeps your body fat percentage honest for decades. (If you want to see where you stand, our strength standards by age and bodyweight guide gives you real benchmarks.)

Dr. Steven Heymsfield of Pennington Biomedical Research Center co-authored national DXA reference data for body composition.⁸ The underlying arithmetic is a reminder that percent body fat can change through fat loss, lean-mass gain, or both. SensAI can generate a progressive resistance-training program around your goals, equipment, schedule, and constraints, without claiming to diagnose what caused a body-fat reading to change.

Body Fat Percentage vs. BMI: Why a Healthy BMI Can Hide High Body Fat

A healthy BMI is 18.5-24.9 for adult women and men alike, but BMI misses more than half of adults whose body fat is in the obese range. In Gallagher’s method, the BMI range of 18.5 to 25 is what defines the age-specific body-fat bands in the chart above.¹ In 13,601 U.S. adults from the NHANES III survey, with body fat estimated by bioelectrical impedance, a BMI of 30 or more caught only 36% of men and 49% of women with excess body fat. Here, excess meant over 25% for men and 35% for women.⁹

The same Mayo Clinic analysis found that BMI rarely flags someone wrongly: specificity was 95% in men and 99% in women.⁹ The trouble is in the middle. In the 25-29.9 overweight BMI range, BMI could not tell fat mass from lean mass in either sex, and its accuracy fell with age.⁹ Dr. Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, a Mayo Clinic cardiologist and the study’s senior author, and his co-authors concluded that BMI’s accuracy is limited, particularly in the intermediate ranges, in men and in older adults.

This is why Gallagher’s team built body-fat ranges from the BMI cutoffs instead of using BMI alone.¹ If your BMI is “normal” but a consistent body-fat estimate sits above your age band, the body-fat number is the more direct signal. Use it as a reason to check, not a diagnosis.

How to Measure Body Fat: Repeatability and Limitations

Every accessible method estimates body fat and has limitations. For DXA, the cited study reports repeat-measurement precision of about a 1% coefficient of variation in nonobese adults on the tested scanner; that is not proof of universal accuracy or a ±1 percentage-point error.¹⁰

The useful questions are how repeatable a method is under consistent conditions, what assumptions it makes, and whether its validation population resembles you.

Method	Repeatability / limitation	Cost / access	Best for
DEXA (DXA)	About 1% CV for repeat total-body-fat measurements in nonobese adults on the tested scanner; precision is not accuracy10	~$50-150 per scan; clinics, labs	Repeat snapshots on the same scanner and protocol
Hydrostatic weighing	Depends on full exhalation and body-density conversion assumptions	Underwater tank; rare	A laboratory estimate when the protocol is consistent
Air-displacement (BodPod)	Validation varies by population and reference method11	Universities, some clinics	A fast laboratory estimate without submersion
Multi-site skinfold calipers	Operator-, site-, and equation-dependent12	~$10-30 caliper	Low-cost trend tracking with a skilled, consistent tester
BIA / smart scales	Two lab-grade BIA devices tested in U.S. Marines had mean absolute errors of 3.4 and 3.9 percentage points versus DXA; consumer scales were not tested; hydration-sensitive13	~$30-300 device	Convenient trend tracking under standardized conditions
US Navy tape method	The cited validation is specific to U.S. Navy men and a hydrostatic-weighing comparison14	Free (a tape measure)	A no-cost estimate within a similar population and method

Sources: DXA repeat-measurement precision from Rothney et al.¹⁰; BodPod validation from Fields et al.¹¹; skinfold equations from Jackson & Pollock¹²; BIA errors from Potter et al.¹³; Navy circumference method from Hodgdon & Beckett.¹⁴

A few traps worth knowing before you trust a number:

BIA and smart scales swing with hydration. Bioelectrical impedance sends a tiny current through you and infers fat from resistance — but water conducts, so hydration, recent food, and time of day can move the reading. In one study of U.S. Marines, two lab-grade BIA devices (one standing, one used lying down) had mean absolute errors of 3.4 and 3.9 percentage points versus DXA.¹³ Those results come from lab-grade devices in fit adults and do not establish the same error for every device, consumer scale or person.

Calipers are only as good as the hand holding them. The Jackson and Pollock skinfold equations are a validated, decades-old foundation for estimating body fat from pinch-tests at standard sites.¹² The catch is operator skill — pinch the wrong spot or press differently and the number wanders. Same tester, same sites, every time, or the trend is meaningless.

Tape is an estimate, not a direct measurement. The cited U.S. Navy report validated its circumference equation in U.S. Navy men against hydrostatic weighing.¹⁴ Its reported performance should not be assumed for women, other populations, or a different measurement protocol.

DXA precision is not DXA accuracy. Rothney and colleagues found a coefficient of variation near 1% for repeated total-body-fat measurements on a GE Lunar iDXA scanner in nonobese adults.¹⁰ That describes repeatability under the study conditions; it does not mean every result is within one percentage point of a person’s true body fat. Compare repeat scans on the same system and protocol rather than treating any estimate as perfectly accurate.

The Single-Number Trap: Why the Trend Beats the Snapshot

Because every method carries an error band, a single body fat reading is noise dressed up as signal. The real information lives in the trend — the direction across many consistent measurements.

Picture your body fat number as a stock price. Checking it once tells you almost nothing; a single tick could be a fluke of hydration, timing, or measurement error. Watch it over weeks, though, and a genuine direction emerges from the static.

Pick one repeatable method, then hold the conditions constant: same time of day, same hydration state, same device, same tester. Consistent conditions make repeated results easier to compare, but they do not remove systematic bias or operator error. A trend from any method remains an estimate.

Context matters, but recovery data cannot validate or explain a body-fat reading. SensAI combines aggregated HealthKit recovery metrics and workout performance with an LLM-generated program; those signals provide general training context, not a diagnosis of fat gain, muscle loss, or hydration status. Raw HealthKit data stays on-device.

How to Actually Use Your Number

Turning a body fat percentage into something useful comes down to five moves:

1. Find your healthy range in the table above by your age and sex — not a friend’s target, not your number from a decade ago. The band that’s healthy for you shifts with age, and that’s by design.¹

2. Pick one repeatable method and commit to it. DXA if you have access and budget; a BodPod if there’s a lab nearby; calipers or a smart scale if you want frequency and low cost. Consistency helps reveal a trend, but it does not remove a method’s systematic bias.

3. Standardize your conditions. Same time of day, same hydration, same device. You’re not trying to nail the “true” number — you’re trying to make each reading comparable to the last.

4. Track the trend, not the day. One measurement is a data point; four is a direction. Judge yourself on the slope over weeks, not the wobble between mornings.

5. If you want to move the number, name the goal. Dropping body fat is a calorie and movement problem. Doing it without losing muscle — the goal for almost everyone over 30 — is a body recomposition problem, and it depends as much on protein and resistance training as on the deficit.

Keep two things front of mind. A population reference is not a diagnosis or a personal target. Age, sex, medical history, and measurement limitations all affect interpretation, so seek qualified clinical advice when the result will guide a health decision. And muscle mass affects the percentage. Read the estimate alongside strength and other relevant context rather than labeling one isolated number good or bad.

The last mile is interpretation: was that two-point drop a real change or measurement noise? SensAI can use aggregated HealthKit recovery metrics and workout performance to generate training, but it cannot determine whether a body-fat change reflects fat loss, muscle loss, or hydration. Use standardized measurements and qualified medical or dietetic guidance when the interpretation matters.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a healthy body fat percentage for a man?

About 8-20% at ages 20-39, 11-22% at 40-59 and 13-25% at 60-79, based on Gallagher’s health-based ranges.¹ ACE’s fitness chart puts “fitness” at 14-17% and “acceptable” at 18-24% for men of any age.² The upper limit rises with age because Gallagher’s prediction equations include age: at the same BMI, older adults carry more body fat.¹

What is a healthy body fat percentage for a woman?

About 21-33% at ages 20-39, 23-34% at 40-59 and 24-36% at 60-79.¹ ACE calls 21-24% “fitness” and 25-31% “acceptable” for women of any age.² Women’s ranges sit higher than men’s at every age, and ACE’s chart also gives women more essential fat: 10-13% against 2-5%.¹²

Is 15% body fat good for a man?

Yes. At 15%, a man is inside the healthy range at every age from 20 to 79, and ACE puts it in the “fitness” band (14-17%).¹² Going lower is an athletic or aesthetic choice that neither chart requires, and pushing it by under-eating carries the risks described under RED-S above.⁵

Is 20% body fat good for a man?

For most men, yes. For men aged 40-79, 20% is inside the healthy range, and for men aged 20-39 it is at the upper limit of the 8-20% range.¹ ACE puts 20% in its “acceptable” category (18-24%) at any age.² For a younger man it is a borderline reading rather than a problem, given the few points of error in most body-fat estimates.

Is 25% body fat good for a man?

At 25%, a man is above the healthy range at ages 20-59 and at the upper limit for 60-79.¹ ACE lists obesity for men as “>25%”, just past its 18-24% acceptable band.² A consistent reading at this level is worth taking seriously, especially before 60, but confirm it with a repeat measurement on the same method.

Is 20% body fat good for a woman?

It is below Gallagher’s healthy range at every age from 20 to 79, whose floor is 21-24% depending on age.¹ ACE calls 14-20% “athletes,” so it treats 20% as an athletic level rather than a problem.² If you reached 20% by dieting hard, watch for the RED-S warning signs above, such as changes to your period or worse recovery.⁵

Is 25% body fat good for a woman?

Yes. At 25%, a woman is inside the healthy range at every age from 20 to 79, and ACE classes it as “acceptable” (25-31%).¹² For women, 25% sits in the lower half of the healthy band at every age. The ranges flag a woman’s reading below 21-24% or above 33-36%, depending on age.

Is 30% body fat good for a woman?

Yes, by Gallagher’s health-based ranges: 30% sits inside the healthy band at every age from 20 to 79.¹ ACE calls it “acceptable,” near the top of its 25-31% band.² From 32% the frames split: ACE labels it obesity, while Gallagher still counts it as healthy at some ages, up to 33-36% depending on age.

What body fat percentage is considered obese?

ACE lists obesity as “>25%” for men and “>32%” for women.² The World Health Organization reference used in a large NHANES analysis set it at over 25% for men and over 35% for women.⁹ Gallagher’s paper maps a BMI of 30 to about 25-30% body fat for men and 39-42% for women, rising with age.¹ No single cutoff is official, which is why the chart above shows two frames.

Is BMI or body fat percentage better?

Body fat percentage is the more direct measure of fat, while BMI is easier to get. A BMI of 30 or more missed 64% of men and 51% of women whose body fat was in the obese range.⁹ BMI is still useful for population screening. For an individual, a consistent body-fat estimate tells you more about what your weight is made of.

How accurate are smart scales for body fat?

Treat a single reading as an estimate. Even two lab-grade BIA devices tested in U.S. Marines had mean absolute errors of 3.4 and 3.9 percentage points against DXA, and consumer scales were not part of that study.¹³ An error that size is enough to move a reading across a band in the lookup tables. Smart scales are useful for trends if you measure under the same conditions each time: same time of day, same hydration.

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References

Footnotes

1. Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y. “Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000;72(3):694-701. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10966886/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵ ↩¹⁶ ↩¹⁷ ↩¹⁸ ↩¹⁹ ↩²⁰ ↩²¹ ↩²² ↩²³ ↩²⁴ ↩²⁵ ↩²⁶

2. American Council on Exercise. “Percent Body Fat Calculator: Percent Body Fat Norms for Men and Women.” ACE Fitness (archived 2023-12-01; the live page now redirects). https://web.archive.org/web/20231201104650/https://www.acefitness.org/resources/everyone/tools-calculators/percent-body-fat-calculator/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵ ↩¹⁶ ↩¹⁷ ↩¹⁸ ↩¹⁹ ↩²⁰ ↩²¹

3. American College of Sports Medicine. “ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 12th Edition.” Wolters Kluwer, 2025. https://www.acsm.org/education-resources/books/guidelines-exercise-testing-prescription ↩

4. Heo M, Faith MS, Pietrobelli A, Heymsfield SB. “Percentage of body fat cutoffs by sex, age, and race-ethnicity in the US adult population from NHANES 1999-2004.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012;95(3):594-602. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22301924/ ↩

5. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Lundy B, Melin AK, Meyer NL, Sherman RT, Tenforde AS, Torstveit MK, Budgett R. “IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018;52(11):687-697. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773536/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

6. Mitchell WK, Williams J, Atherton P, Larvin M, Lund J, Narici M. “Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review.” Frontiers in Physiology, 2012;3:260. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934016/ ↩

7. Peterson MD, Sen A, Gordon PM. “Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysis.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2011;43(2):249-258. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20543750/ ↩

8. Kelly TL, Wilson KE, Heymsfield SB. “Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES.” PLoS One, 2009;4(9):e7038. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19753111/ ↩

9. Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, Thomas RJ, Collazo-Clavell ML, Korinek J, Allison TG, Batsis JA, Sert-Kuniyoshi FH, Lopez-Jimenez F. “Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population.” International Journal of Obesity, 2008;32(6):959-966. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18283284/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

10. Rothney MP, Martin FP, Xia Y, Beaumont M, Davis C, Ergun D, Fay L, Ginty F, Kochhar S, Wacker W, Rezzi S. “Precision of GE Lunar iDXA for the measurement of total and regional body composition in nonobese adults.” Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 2012;15(4):399-404. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22542222/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

11. Fields DA, Goran MI, McCrory MA. “Body-composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: a review.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002;75(3):453-467. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11864850/ ↩ ↩²

12. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. “Generalized equations for predicting body density of men.” British Journal of Nutrition, 1978;40(3):497-504. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/718832/ ↩ ↩² ↩³

13. Potter AW, Nindl LJ, Soto LD, Pazmino A, Looney DP, Tharion WJ, Robinson-Espinosa JA, Friedl KE. “High precision but systematic offset in a standing bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).” BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 2022;5(2):254-262. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36619314/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

14. Hodgdon JA, Beckett MB. “Prediction of percent body fat for U.S. Navy men from body circumferences and height.” Naval Health Research Center, Report No. 84-11, 1984. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA143890 ↩ ↩² ↩³